DriverPacks.net

REMark WAIK (Windows Automated Installation Kit) is required and is a free download from MS.
REMark references at
REMark http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd799258(WS.10).aspxREMark http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd744382(WS.10).aspxREMark test code and output from DISM command window on my machineREMark Jeff Herre 2010-01-31==================================================================================================Summary, Adding Mass Storage drivers:REMark Mount Boot.wim (always use Index #2)Dism /Mount-Wim /WimFile:C:\Source-OS\SOURCES\BOOT.WIM /index:2 /MountDir:C:\test\offlineREMark Check for and optionaly remove existing drivers previously addedDism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-DriversDism /image:C:\test\offline /Remove-Driver /driver:oem0.inf /driver:oem1.inf ... /driver:oem99.infREMark Add DriversDism /image:C:\test\offline /Add-Driver /driver:C:\test\DP_Temp([\mydriver.INF] or [/recurse]) [/ForceUnsigned]REMark Save workC:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Unmount-Wim /MountDir:C:\test\offline /commitREMark Mass storage text mode is doneREMark A bootable ISO is created with the tool oscdimg.exeREMark http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd799243(WS.10).aspx==================================================================================================What I did step by step==================================================================================================C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Get-WimInfo /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIMDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Details for image : C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIMIndex : 1Name : Microsoft Windows PE (x86)Description : Microsoft Windows PE (x86)Size : 806,390,831 bytesIndex : 2Name : Microsoft Windows Setup (x86)Description : Microsoft Windows Setup (x86)Size : 881,382,947 bytesThe operation completed successfully. C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Get-WimInfo /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIM /index:1Deployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Details for image : C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIMIndex : 1Name : Microsoft Windows PE (x86)Description : Microsoft Windows PE (x86)Size : 806,390,831 bytesArchitecture : x86Hal : <undefined>Version : 6.1.7600ServicePack Build : 16385ServicePack Level : 0Edition : WindowsPEInstallation : WindowsPEProductType : WinNTProductSuite :System Root : WINDOWSDirectories : 2133Files : 9578Created : 7/13/2009 - 10:06:36 PMModified : 7/13/2009 - 10:06:38 PMLanguages :        en-US (Default)The operation completed successfully. C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Get-WimInfo /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIM /index:2Deployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Details for image : C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIMIndex : 2Name : Microsoft Windows Setup (x86)Description : Microsoft Windows Setup (x86)Size : 881,382,947 bytesArchitecture : x86Hal : <undefined>Version : 6.1.7600ServicePack Build : 16385ServicePack Level : 0Edition : WindowsPEInstallation : WindowsPEProductType : WinNTProductSuite :System Root : WINDOWSDirectories : 2364Files : 10257Created : 7/13/2009 - 10:07:35 PMModified : 7/14/2009 - 2:33:35 AMLanguages :        en-US (Default)The operation completed successfully. C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Get-WimInfo /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIM /index:3Deployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Error: 87An error occurred while processing the command.Ensure that the command-line arguments are valid. For more information, review the log file.The DISM log file can be found at H:\WINDOWS\Logs\DISM\dism.log REMark Let's find out what images this Install.wim supports...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Get-WimInfo /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\INSTALL.WIMDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Details for image : C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\INSTALL.WIMIndex : 1Name : Windows 7 ENTERPRISE x64Description : Windows 7 ENTERPRISESize : 11,912,905,130 bytesIndex : 2Name : Windows 7 PREMIUM x64Description : Windows 7 HOMEPREMIUMSize : 12,012,660,212 bytesIndex : 3Name : Windows 7 PROFESSIONAL x64Description : Windows 7 PROFESSIONALSize : 11,910,752,928 bytesIndex : 4Name : Windows 7 ULTIMATE x64Description : Windows 7 ULTIMATESize : 12,070,211,908 bytesIndex : 5Name : Windows 7 STARTER x32Description : Windows 7 STARTERSize : 7,936,340,784 bytesIndex : 6Name : Windows 7 BASIC x32Description : Windows 7 HOMEBASICSize : 7,992,394,907 bytesIndex : 7Name : Windows 7 PREMIUM x32Description : Windows 7 HOMEPREMIUMSize : 8,432,859,356 bytesIndex : 8Name : Windows 7 PROFESSIONAL x32Description : Windows 7 PROFESSIONALSize : 8,313,318,889 bytesIndex : 9Name : Windows 7 ULTIMATE x32Description : Windows 7 ULTIMATESize : 8,471,060,645 bytesIndex : 10Name : Windows 7 ENTERPRISE x32Description : Windows 7 ENTERPRISESize : 8,315,649,536 bytesThe operation completed successfully. C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>MD C:\test\offline REMark   Let's Mount the BOOT.wim to the temp folder I Just Created...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Mount-Wim /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIM /index:2 /MountDir:C:\test\offlineDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Mounting image[==========================100.0%==========================]The operation completed successfully. REMark   Note the above line is a PROGRESS BAR! and increments 1%... 2%... 3%... 100.0% YES Wim there is feedback!REMark   To add Textmode drivers we mount the BOOT.wim image and add them to ONLY INDEX:2 (I belive IMAGE:1 is a safe mode / fall back type image)REMark   The correct BOOT.wim is / was mounted with the last command aboveREMark   To add regular drivers like Graphics etc... we have to mount the corresponding Install.wim image and add them to each one or the just the one we intend to use ;).REMark   Images may be mounted by name or index number REMark   Let's find out what drivers exist in the image... and let's take a look at all three output formats just for giggles...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-Drivers /all > C:\test\Temp.TXTREMark   attached Temp.TXTC:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-Drivers /all /Format:Table > C:\test\TempTable.TXTREMark   attached TempTable.TXTC:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-Drivers /all /Format:List > C:\test\TempList.TXTREMark   attached TempList.TXTREMark   It turns out the 'Default' is /Format:List SO... Temp.txt = TempList.txtREMark   If the /All switch is not used then only Third Party drivers are Displayed. Since I have not added any yet the list is empty...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-Drivers /Format:ListDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Obtaining list of 3rd party drivers from the driver store...Driver packages listing:(No drivers found in the image matching the criteria)The operation completed successfully.  C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>C:\dpsbase\bin\un7zip.exe "C:\dp Vista packs\x86\Masstorage_x86_907.7z" "C:\test\DP_Temp"REMark   Extracted Mass to temp folder C:\test\DP_TempREMark   Let's add the mass pack now!C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Add-Driver /driver:C:\test\DP_Temp /recurse /ForceUnsignedDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Searching for driver packages to install...Found 44 driver package(s) to install.Installing 1 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\1\1\hcix86s.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 2 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\10\11\ViPrt.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 3 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\10\12\viamraid.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 4 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\1MegaSR1.INF: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 5 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\1nodev.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 6 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\2nodev.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 7 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\2oemsetup.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 8 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\3nodev.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 9 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\3oemsetup.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 10 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\\lsi_sas.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 11 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\\lsinodrv.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 12 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\11\\lsi_fc.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 13 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\12\\iteraid.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 14 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\2\1rr172x.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 15 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\2\2rr2522.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 16 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\2\3hptmv.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 17 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\3\1iaAHCI.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 18 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\3\1iaStor.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 19 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\3\2iSSetup.INF: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 20 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\4\1jraid_i.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 21 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\4\2jmcr_jm.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 22 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\4\2jmcr_sda.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 23 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\4\3johci.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 24 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\5\1mv61xx.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 25 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\5\1mvnodrv.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 26 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\6\1nvstor32.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 27 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\6\2\nvrd32.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 28 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\1\1\SI3112.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 29 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\1\2\Si3112r.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 30 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\2\1\SI3114.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 31 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\2\2\SI3114r.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 32 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\2\3\si3114r5.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 33 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\2\3\sippd.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 34 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\3\1\SI3124.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 35 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\3\2\si3124r5.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 36 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\3\2\sippd.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 37 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\4\1\SI3132.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 38 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\4\2\si3132r5.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 39 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\4\2\sippd.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 40 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\5\1\si3531.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 41 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\7\5\1\sippd.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 42 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\8\1\SISRaid2.INF: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 43 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\8\2\sisraid4.inf: The driver package was successfully installed.Installing 44 of 44 - C:\test\DP_Temp\Masstorage_x86_907\Masstorage_x86_907\9\1\ULISATA.INF: The driver package was successfully installed.The operation completed successfully. REMark   That seems to have worked let's list them to see!C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-Drivers /Format:ListDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Obtaining list of 3rd party drivers from the driver store...Driver packages listing:Published Name : oem0.infOriginal File Name : ahcix86s.infInbox : NoClass Name : SCSIAdapterProvider Name : ATI Technologies Inc.Date : 3/21/2007Version : 2.5.1540.41Published Name : oem1.infOriginal File Name : viprt.infInbox : NoClass Name : hdcProvider Name : VIADate : 4/3/2008Version : 6.0.6000.252REMark   Output to > AfterMass.txt is attached with full output, the above is just a sample... REMark   Again that seems to have workedREMark   I think all I have to do now is commit the changes... Let's try that! C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Commit-Wim /MountDir:C:\test\offlineDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Saving image[==========================100.0%==========================]The operation completed successfully.REMark Similar in fit, form and feel to the mount process...REMark Let's unmount the image Burn and Test!Dism /Unmount-Wim /MountDir:C:\test\offline /commitDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image File : C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIMImage Index : 2Saving image[==========================100.0%==========================]Unmounting image[==========================100.0%==========================]The operation completed successfully.REMark I am not sure if i can do the commit and unmount as a single operation... more testing requiredREMark Let's remount and remove the added drivers... Then re-add them and test that theory :D.REMark This will also test the viability of removing previous drivers for a DPsI upgrade process :D :P.REMark The C:\test\offline folder was emptied by the DISM tool... Very cool!C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Mount-Wim /WimFile:C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIM /index:2 /MountDir:C:\test\offlineC:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-DriversREMark Yes the drivers are there let's remove themC:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Remove-Driver /driver:oem1.inf /driver:oem2.inf /driver:oem3.inf /driver:oem4.inf /driver:oem5.inf /driver:oem6.inf /driver:oem7.inf /driver:oem8.inf /driver:oem9.inf /driver:oem10.inf /driver:oem11.inf /driver:oem12.infDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Found 12 driver package(s) to remove.Removing 1 of 12 - oem1.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 2 of 12 - oem10.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 3 of 12 - oem11.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 4 of 12 - oem12.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 5 of 12 - oem2.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 6 of 12 - oem3.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 7 of 12 - oem4.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 8 of 12 - oem5.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 9 of 12 - oem6.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 10 of 12 - oem7.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 11 of 12 - oem8.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 12 of 12 - oem9.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.The operation completed successfully.C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Remove-Driver /driver:oem13.inf /driver:oem14.inf /driver:oem15.inf /driver:oem16.inf /driver:oem17.inf /driver:oem18.inf /driver:oem19.inf /driver:oem20.inf /driver:oem21.inf /driver:oem22.inf /driver:oem23.inf /driver:oem24.infDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Found 12 driver package(s) to remove.Removing 1 of 12 - oem13.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 2 of 12 - oem14.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 3 of 12 - oem15.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 4 of 12 - oem16.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 5 of 12 - oem17.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 6 of 12 - oem18.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 7 of 12 - oem19.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 8 of 12 - oem20.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 9 of 12 - oem21.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 10 of 12 - oem22.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 11 of 12 - oem23.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.Removing 12 of 12 - oem24.inf: The driver package was successfully removed.The operation completed successfully.C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Remove-Driver /driver:oem25.inf /driver:oem26.inf /driver:oem27.inf /driver:oem28.inf /driver:oem29.inf /driver:oem30.inf /driver:oem31.inf /driver:oem32.inf /driver:oem33.inf /driver:oem34.inf /driver:oem35.inf /driver:oem36.inf...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Remove-Driver /driver:oem26.inf /driver:oem37.inf /driver:oem38.inf /driver:oem39.inf /driver:oem40.inf /driver:oem41.inf /driver:oem42.inf /driver:oem43.inf /driver:oem44.inf...REMark TEST removal and commit changes and retest...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-DriversDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Obtaining list of 3rd party drivers from the driver store...Driver packages listing:Published Name : oem0.infOriginal File Name : ahcix86s.infInbox : NoClass Name : SCSIAdapterProvider Name : ATI Technologies Inc.Date : 3/21/2007Version : 2.5.1540.41The operation completed successfully.REMark (Forgot oem0.inf)C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Remove-Driver /driver:oem0.inf...C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Get-DriversDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image Version: 6.1.7600.16385Obtaining list of 3rd party drivers from the driver store...Driver packages listing:(No drivers found in the image matching the criteria)The operation completed successfully. REMark Success... Lets commit now! and then re-add the drivers... LOL (PS The drivers are QSCed :D.)C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Commit-Wim /MountDir:C:\test\offlineREMark We just Saved the image with all the Mass drivers removed (in theory the wim is in the same state it was in when we started)  REMark Re-Add Drivers (they were not deleted so we don't need to re-extract them)C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /image:C:\test\offline /Add-Driver /driver:C:\test\DP_Temp /recurse /ForceUnsignedREMark Let's see if we can save and commit as one operation!!!C:\#NT6-Tools\Windows AIK - Win7\Tools\PETools>Dism /Unmount-Wim /MountDir:C:\test\offline /commitDeployment Image Servicing and Management toolVersion: 6.1.7600.16385Image File : C:\#NT6-Tools\Source-OS\Win7-all\SOURCES\BOOT.WIMImage Index : 2Saving image[==========================100.0%==========================]Unmounting image[==========================100.0%==========================]The operation completed successfully. REMark Remount and test to see if it commited and saved...REMark Yes Commit and Save can be done as one operation...